( B) WT and TKO male mice (n = 6) were intraperitoneally injected with CPA (10 mg/kg body weight) at room temperature, and then shifted to 4☌ for 30 min, with core body temperature measured every 15 min. ( A) Wild type (WT) and whole-body Tigar knockout (TKO) male mice (n = 6) were intraperitoneally injected with CPA (10 mg/kg body weight), and then core body temperature was measured every 15 min at room temperature. Statistical analyses are described in ‘Method details’ and the data are presented as the mean ± SD. ( H) Indirect calorimetry determination of energy expenditure in the light and dark cycles of the WT and TKO mice. ( G) Indirect calorimetry determination of spontaneous locomotor activity in the AMB + Z dimensions from the WT and TKO mice in the light and dark cycles. ( F) Quantification of daily food intake/body weight in the light and dark cycles of WT and TKO male mice. ( E) Representative images of hematoxylin and eosin staining of soleus and extensor digitorium longus (EDL) skeletal muscle from the WT and TKO mice. ( D) The ratio of lean mass/body weight and fat mass/body weight was determined by EchoMRI at 5 months of age for male WT and TKO mice. Please note that the Ct values for brown adipose tissue were approximately 18, whereas the Ct values for the inguinal white adipose tissue were in the range of 33. ( C) Relative Ucp1 mRNA levels in inguinal adipose tissue from the WT and TKO male mice (n = 4–10) at ambient temperature or after 2 hr 4☌ exposure. ( B) Representative TIGAR, UCP1, and actin protein immunoblot of interscapular brown adipose tissue from two independent WT and TKO male mice maintained at ambient temperature or after 1 hr 4☌ exposure. ( A) Relative Ucp1 mRNA levels in interscapular brown adipose tissue from wild type (WT) and TKO male (n = 6) mice maintained at ambient temperature and after 1 hr 4☌ exposure. Statistical analyses are described in ‘Methods details,’ and the data are presented as the mean ± SD. ( H) Myl1 Cre and Myl1 Cr>/Tigar fl/fl male mice (n = 6) core body temperatures were measured every 15 min starting at ambient laboratory temperature (0 min) and following placement at 4☌. ( G) Representative TIGAR immunoblot of heart, gastrocnemius muscle (Gastroc), extensor digitorum digitorum longus (EDL), and soleus muscle from the control ( Myl1 Cre) and skeletal muscle-specific TKO ( Myl1 Cre/Tigar fl/fl) mice. ( F) WT (n = 6), TKO (n = 6), UKO (n = 7), and UTKO (n = 8) mice core body temperatures were measured every 15 min starting at ambient laboratory temperature (0 min) and following placement at 4☌. ( E) Representative UCP1 and TIGAR immunoblots of brown adipose tissue from WT, TKO, Ucp1 knockout (UKO), and Ucp1 and Tigar double knockout (UTKO) mice from two independent genotypes each. ( D) Tigar fl/fl and Tigar fl/fl/Adipoq Cre male mice (n = 6) core body temperatures were measured every 15 min starting at ambient laboratory temperature (0 min) and following placement at 4☌. ( C) Representative TIGAR immunoblot of gastrocnemius muscle (Gastroc), epididymal white adipose tissue (EWAT), subcutaneous inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT), and interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) from the control Tigar fl/fl and adipocyte-specific knockout Tigar fl/fl/ Adipoq Cre mice. These findings are significant since multilevel polarization states have, to date, been achieved only in ferroelectrics or some specialized polymers-the current method extends them to common polymers such as poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), or poly(vinyl acetate).( A) Male mice (wild type n = 10, whole-body Tigar knockout n = 6) and ( B) female mice (WT n = 6, TKO n = 7) core body temperatures were measured every 15 min starting at ambient laboratory temperature (0 min) and following placement at 4☌. Because the electric field is high only within the film but low across the Gaussian surface surrounding the film/substrate system, the discharge of surface charges is slow and the polarization patterns are relatively long-lived. Upon consecutive stampings, the magnitudes of polarization add up, enabling imprinting of multilevel polarization patterns. Together, the surface and image charges establish large fields within the film, in effect polarizing it. Simultaneously, image charges are induced in the conductive substrate. When a thin polymer film supported by a conductive substrate is contacted by and then separated from a micropatterned polymeric stamp, the so-called contact electrification creates electrical charges over the stamped regions.
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